The American jurors, who were supposed to be familiar with the
facts pertinent to the case, knew the truth of the paper's
criticisms. They agreed with the defense that the word "false" in
the definition: "false, scandalous, and seditious" writings, to
mean "untrue" instead of "disloyal". So truth became a defense to
seditious libel. Pamphletts describing the Zenger trial and
acquittal were published and republished in London and the
colonies.
Benefit of clergy was available in the American colonies to all
who could read and write. It could be used in trials for
manslaughter.
- - - Chapter 19: Epilogue - - -
In the time period after 1776, there developed the fuel-saving
kitchen range with closed-in-fire between oven and hot-water tank,
hot and cold running water, the use of flushing toilets, Edmund
Cartwright's power weaving machine, Samuel Crompton's mule for
spinning many threads by waterpower in 1779, James Watt's steam
engine with steam pushing the piston both ways as well as rotary
motion and used in many kinds of factories instead of water power,
Henry Bessimer's inexpensive low carbon steel in 1856, iron and
steel bridges and ships, drilling and use of oil and natural gas
as fuel, Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" opining that competition
of the market could distribute resources best, Thomas Paine's
"Rights of Man", free trade, democracy, popular elections, secret
ballots, universal suffrage, civil service without patronage, Mary
Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Women", university
education for women (University of London), policemen (in London
in 1829), clipper ships (the final development of sailing before
steam), percussion caps on guns, Periodic Chart of chemical
elements, college degrees in biology, chemistry, and physics,
geology, Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, Albert Einstein's
theory of relativity, quantum theory, laws of thermodynamics that
the energy of the universe is a constant amount but entropy always
increases, computers, decoding of the DNA sequence, Charles
Darwin's evolution, Joseph Lister's disinfectant in 1867, Edward
Jenner's smallpox vaccine, Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease,
anesthetics, aspirin, insulin, penicillin, antibiotics, surgery to
replace body parts, tampon, contraceptive pill, discovery of
planet Uranus by observation and thence of Neptune and Pluto by
calculation from discrepancies in Uranus' orbit, Hubble space
telescope, Big Bang Theory, buses (horse-drawn from 1829 with 18
passengers), subways, trains (1804), public railway (1825, goods
drawn by engine and passengers by horse), steam ships, steel
ships, aircraft carriers, submarines, tanks, friction matches,
chewing gum, pajamas, gas street lamps, traffic lights and signs,
ambulances, concrete and asphalt highways, census in 1801,
children's playgrounds, knee length dresses, chemical artificial
fertilizers, substitution of steel for iron, trade unions, digital
watches, wrist watches, compact disks, intelligence tests,
personality tests, wool-combing machine, statistical analysis,
Bell curves, standard deviations, United Nations, carpet sweeper,
vacuum cleaner, central heating, apartment high rises, business
skyscrapers, electricity, electric lights, sewing machines, water
closets in richer houses (after 1778), cholera epidemics, sewers
for waste disposal, industrial revolution factories, labor
strikes, cars, tractors, Charles Dickens, ice boxes and
refrigerators, telephones, central heating with radiators, hot
water heaters by gas, gas ovens, humidifiers, canned food, four-
pronged forks, suits of matching jackets and trousers, zippers,
velcro, wall-to-wall carpeting, popular elections, airplanes,
photography, record players, frozen food; cast iron kitchen range
for cooking, baking, and boiling; radio, television, plastics,
submarines, economics, multinational corporations, weather
forecasting, braille, airplanes, space ship to moon, factory
assembly lines, washing machines, dishwashers, sewing machine,
microwave ovens, copier machines, DNA evidence, nuclear bomb and
nuclear energy, guided missiles, quartz watches, bicycles,
artificial insemination and invitro fertilization, investment
advice, retirement planning, amusement parks, catalogue buying,
labor contracts, childrens' summer camps, teenage culture,
synthetic materials, typewriters, cardboard boxes, marketing
studies, factory assembly line, gene-mapping, animal cloning,
internet, hiking and camping trips, world travel vacations,
telegraph, word processing, gas, oil, research, credit cards,
dental floss, camcorders, mass production, nursing homes, cameras,
copy machines, wheelchairs, hospital operations, artificial limbs,
organ transplants, pharmacies, public circulating libraries,
children's playgrounds, cosmetic surgery, physical exercising
equipment, vitamin pills, sports clubs, condominiums, molecules,
chromosomes, observatories, radar, sonar, nutrition, supermarkets,
disability insurance, liability insurance, chemical fertilizers,
DDT, record players, video tape recorders, retirement homes,
movies;, planned obsolescence, box-spring mattresses, brain scans,
x-rays, organized professional sports, dry cleaners, foreign
embassies, psychiatry, veterinarians, drug abuse, wage
garnishment, tractors, lawnmowers, breeding zoos, world wars,
nuclear deterrence, fingerprinting, forensic evidence, toxic
waste, acid rain, elevators, picture windows, sewing machines,
automation, cybernetics, pizza delivery, health insurance, Walt
Disney, satellite transmission, radiocarbon dating, ice cream, air
conditioning, ball point pens, school blackboards, bullets in
1890s, electronic mail, first law of thermodynamics: the
conservation of energy, the second law of thermodynamics:
potential energy turns into high-temperature thermal energy and
finally into low-temperature thermal energy, but these processes
are not reversible.
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