The writ of certiorari allows administrative decisions
to be reviewed by the common law courts for compliance with law,
competency of the court, and interpretation of the administrative
law. The writ of habeas corpus appealed administrative decisions
to imprison not only after arrest for criminal proceedings, but
any coercive measure for enforcing an administrative order. The
writ of mandamus was available for enforcing the injunctions of
administrative law against towns, corporations, and all other
authorities and private persons, where the ordinary punishments
were insufficient. Justices of the Peace in rural areas were
squires and in towns aldermen.
In 1747, Justices of the Peace were authorized to decide issues
between masters and mistresses and their employees who were hired
for at least one year. If a servant misbehaved, they could
authorize reduction of wage, discharge, and hard labor at a house
of Correction up to one month. If a servant was not paid, he could
authorize payment of wages up to 10 pounds for an agricultural
servant, and up to 5 pounds for an artificer, handicraftsman,
miner, collier, keelman, pitman, glassman, potter, or ordinary
laborer. Later, tinners and miners were added to the last
category. In 1758, employees of less than a year were included.
In 1775, Justices of the Peace were authorized to administer any
oath for the purpose of levying penalties.
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