He
also published an anatomy book and treated certain kinds of
blindness by forming an opening in the eye to serve as an
artificial pupil. Sarah Wallen Mapp was a famous bone-setter.
Nutritional deficiency diseases were beginning to be understood.
In 1753, James Lind, a surgeon in the navy who noted that more men
died of scurvy than in battle, published his work on his
controlled experiment on seamen showing that oranges, lemons,
limes, green food, and onions cured scurvy. He published his
methods of prevention and cure of malarial fevers and his method
of disinfecting ships with the smoke of wood and gunpowder. In
1761, he discovered that steam from salt water was fresh, and
proposed a method of distillation to supply ships with fresh
water. In 1761 Giovanni Morgagni from Italy opined that disease
resulted from a breakdown of organs and tissues that was viewable
on autopsy. He wrote an extensive book showing the anatomy of
diseases, e.g. affections of pericardium and aorta, (e.g.
aneurysm), valve diseases, ulceration, rupture, dilation, and
hypertrophy. He associated clinical observation with anatomy of
disease, e.g. attacks on upper part of chest on left side and
difficulty breathing and numbness of left arm all ceasing with
exertion with dilation of aorta and hardening of arteries, causing
delay of blood in the aorta, in the heart, and in the lung
vessels. Bernoulli showed that the living human body constantly
changes so that all its particles are renewed in a certain number
of years.
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