In 1715, a large pointed weapon of black flint was
found in contact with the bones of an elephant in a gravel bed in
London. Oral and written examinations began to replace
disputations. Few professors lectured.
Dissenters were excluded from universities as well as from offices
and grammar schools. Oxford and Cambridge Universities were open
only to members of the Church of England, so other universities
were established for dissenters. They taught geography,
mathematics, science, physics, astronomy, mechanics, hydrostatics,
and anatomy. At Oxford and Cambridge and Harvard Universities,
students in science were relegated to different instructors,
buildings, and degree ceremonies than students in literature, who
often looked down on them as socially and intellectually inferior.
The Inns of Court had ceased to provide residence. The period of
education at law school at the Inns of Court was now reduced in
1760 from seven to five years for ordinary students and to three
years for graduates of Oxford or Cambridge Universities. The
textbooks were: "Doctor and Student" by Christopher Saint-German
(1518) and "Institutes of the Laws of England" by Thomas Wood
(1720). Most landed families tried to ensure that at least one
member of the family in each generation was educated at the Inns
of Court after going to Oxford or Cambridge. In 1739, attorneys
formed a "Society of Gentlemen Practitioners in the Courts of Law
and Equity".
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