But there was more bulling of small boys by
large boys at these schools and the smaller boys became menial
servants of their seniors. Occasionally there were student riots.
However, most grammar schools were not residential. Because the
grammar schools were limited to boys, many boarding schools for
girls were established. Tradesmen's daughters were often sent to
these to learn to act like ladies. Most upper class girls were
taught, at home or at school, English, writing, arithmetic,
drawing, courtly dancing, needlework, music, and French.
Dissenting academies were established for those who did not pass
the religious tests of the grammar schools. Pencils were now in
use.
Sons of gentlemen usually took "The Grand Tour" of the continent
before going to university. These tours lasted for months or
years, and always included Paris and a protestant French
university. The students went in groups with tutors. The chief
purpose was now cultural, instead of practical. On these tours
there was often misbehavior such as drinking and fighting. In
1720, Travelers Checks were developed for those on the Grand Tour.
The universities began to teach science. The new professorships at
Cambridge University were: chemistry, astronomy, experimental
philosophy, anatomy, botany, geology, geometry, and Arabic. Ideas
in geology challenged the Bible's description of the creation of
the world and there was a controversy over the origin and nature
of fossils.
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