Certain other industries also required
some kind of power or team work for their production, e.g.
refining sugar; finishing cloth; making bricks; glass-making;
manufacture of ropes and sails, and processing of copper and brass
into rods and sheets. Often the manufacturer's house was
surrounded by the many cottages of his workers. There the wife and
children usually were busy carding and spinning. Putting out work
and subcontracting were widespread and created many small-scale
capitalists. Workers' hours were typically 6am to 8pm.
As wood charcoal was becoming expensive, coal was increasingly
used for brewing and for brick, glass, and china manufacturing.
Mines for coal became deeper; flooding of them and of tin and
copper mines became a problem.
Drovers bought cattle in the countryside, drove them to big towns,
and sold them to fattening graziers or fatted them themselves.
Then they were driven into town and sold to the wholesale butcher,
who sold the carcass to the retail butcher, the hides to the
tanner, and the bones to the glue maker. Flocks of geese were also
driven into towns, after their feet were given a protective
covering of tar. There were also middlemen wholesalers for cheese,
butter, cloth, and iron.
There was a rage of distemper among the cattle so serious that the
king was authorized to make regulations for prohibiting the
removal or sale and for the burial of distempered cattle Later,
the king was authorized to prohibit the killing of cow calves.
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