One with under 100 pounds but over
100 marks yearly had to keep one gelding for a light horseman.
Dogs had been bred into various types of hounds for hunting, water
and land spaniels for falconry, and other dogs as house dogs or
toy dogs. There were no longer any wild boar or wild cattle. The
turkey joined the cocks, hens, geese, ducks, pigeons, and peacocks
in the farmyard. Manure and dressings were used to fertilize the
soil. Hay became a major crop because it could be grown on grazing
lands and required little care.
There are new and bigger industries such as glassware, iron,
brasswares, alum and coppers, gunpowder, paper, coal, and sugar.
The coal trade was given a monopoly. Coal was used for fuel as
well as wood, which was becoming scarce. Iron smelters
increasingly used coal instead of charcoal, which was limited.
Iron was used for fire-backs, pots, and boilers. Good quality
steel was first produced in 1565 with the help of German
craftsmen, and a slitting mill was opened in 1588. Small metal
goods, especially cutlery, was made, as well as nails, bolts,
hinges, locks, ploughing and harrowing equipment, rakes, pitch
forks, shovels, spades, and sickles. Lead was used for windows and
roofs. Copper and brass were used to make pots and pans. Pewter
was used for plates, drinking vessels, and candlesticks.
Competition was the mainspring of trade and therefore of town
life.
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