The puritan
movement included William Brewster, an assistant to a court
official who was disciplined for delivering, upon pressure from
the council, the Queen's signed execution order for Mary of
Scotland after the Queen had told him to hold it until she
directed otherwise. The puritans formed a party in the House of
Commons.
The debased coinage was replaced by a recoinage of newly minted
coins with a true silver weight.
Goldsmiths, who also worked silver, often acted as guardians of
clients' wealth. They began to borrow at interest at one rate in
order to lend out to traders at a higher rate. This began banking.
Patents were begun to encourage the new merchant lords to develop
local manufactures or to expand import and export trade. Patents
were for a new manufacture or an improved older one and determined
the wages of its trades. There was chartering of merchant
companies and granting of exclusive rights to new industries as
monopolies. Some monopolies or licenses were patents or copyrights
of inventors. Others established trading companies for trade to
certain foreign lands and supporting consular services. People
holding monopolies were accountable to the government. There were
monopolies on certain smoked fish, fish oil, seal oil, oil of
blubber, vinegar, salt, currants, aniseed, juniper berry liquor,
bottles, glasses, brushes, pots, bags, cloth, starch, steel, tin,
iron, cards, horn, ox shinbones, ashes, shreds of gloves, earth
coal, calamite stone, powder, saltpeter, lead manufacturing by-
products, and transportation of leather.
Pages:
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650