In the King's 1235 grant to Oxford, the Mayor and good men were
authorized to take weekly for three years 1/2 d. on every cart
entering the town loaded with goods, if it was from the county, or
1d. if it came from outside the county; 1/4 d. for every horse
load, except for brushwood; 1/2 d. on every horse, mare, ox, or
cow brought to sell; and 1/2 d. for every five sheep, goats, or
pigs.
English ships had one mast with a square sail. The hulls were made
of planks overlapping each other. There was a high fore castle
[tower] on the bow, a top castle on the mast, and a high stern
castle from which to shoot arrows down on other ships. There were
no rowing oars, but steering was still by an oar on the starboard
side of the ship. The usual carrying capacity was 30 tuns [big
casks of wine each with about 250 gallons]. On the coasts there
were lights and beacons. Harbors at river mouths were kept from
silting up. Ships were loaded from piers. The construction of
London Bridge had just been finished. Bricks began to be imported
for building. About 10% of the population lived in towns.
Churches had stained glass windows.
Newcastle-on-Tyne received these new rights:
1. And that they shall justly have their lands and tenures
and mortgages and debts, whoever owes them to them.
2. Concerning their lands and tenures within the town,
right shall be done to them according to the custom of the
city Winton.
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